Department of Archaeology

Introduction 1. Calligraphy • Origin and development of Arabic script • Status or position of a calligrapher • Significance of Calligraphy in Islamic arts • Origin and development of Calligraphy • Principal forms of Calligraphy • Sub-styles of Calligraphy • Master calligraphers of Pakistan 2. Schools of Painting • Early Arab • Mesopotamian • Mongol • Persian • Mughal 3. Minor Arts • Metal work • Glass work • Wood work • Book illumination • Book binding.

Unit-1 Introduction Introduction, Types and Forms, Components of Tourism and Tourism Management, Economic Importance, Benefits and costs of Tourism, Basis of Tourism, Geography of Pakistan, GeoPhysical Features of Pakistan Unit-2 Major Components of Tourism Travel (Air, Sea, and Road), Accommodations (Hotel and Restaurants), infrastructure, superstructure, composition related industries, resources (natural and cultural) and activities Unit-3 Impacts of Tourism Economic, environmental, social, cultural etc. Unit-4 Tourism Management What is management, Tourism products, role of management, strategies, Tourism organization, Financial Analysis Unit-5 Tourism Marketing What is marketing, market segments (target market), marketing mix, Market research, Packages Unit-6 Tourism Policy and Planning International policy, Pakistan policy and planning, role of Government and other organizations, Case study of an International Touristic destination Unit-7 Practical case studies International Tourist destination, Domestic Tourist Destination, visit to different local Tourist sites. 

·         Calligraphy- The emergence of Islamic calligraphy

·         Ceramics and Sculpture

·         Indus Civilization

·         Features of Indus Valley Civilization

·         Exploration of history through a Museum visit

Art and Architecture (From Indus to Mughal)

·         Islamic Art and Calligraphy (Introduction of art and craft and calligraphy /origin from Persian artist and their calligraphy

·         Pakistan Calligraphers (Anwar Jalal Shimza, Rasheed Butt, Hanif Ramy, Zahoor-ul-Ikhlaq, Arshad, Sadaqain, Shakir Ali, Gul gee, Aslam Kamal)

·         Introduction to the Cubism Understand the Cubism

·         Intro about Realism

·         Pakistan Art’s work in Realism

This Course is designed to acquire the knowledge about the basic concept and fundamentals of mathematics. This will help the students to get knowledge about different types of measurements of mathematics. 

.        Architecture

·         Vedic Period architectural traditions

·         Mauryan architecture

·         Buddhist architecture: stupa, monastery, rock-cut sanctuaries, etc.

·         Hindu architecture

2.       Art

·         Mauryan art

·         Shunga art

·         Early Andhra art

·         Later Andhra art

·         Mathura art (Kushan Period)

·         Gandhara art (Kushan Period)

·         Origin of the Buddha image

·         Gupta art

·         Ajanta cave paintings

·         Buddhist art of Kashmir

·         Iconography of Hindu Triad

·         Rock art of Pakistan

1.           Introduction

2.           Jainism

• Jain tradition regarding twenty-four tirthankaras (prophets)
• Parshva and Mahavira
• Mahavira’s Life sketch
• Vardhamana Mahavira and his doctrine
• Jainism after Mahavira
• Jain canon, philosophy and icons.

3.           Buddhism

·         Buddhist literature

·         Origin and Development of Buddhism

·         Teachings of Gautama Buddha

·         Hinayana and Mahayana sects

·         Evolution of the Great Vehicle(Mahayana)

·         Buddhist ethics and morality

4.           Vedism, Brahmanism and Hinduism

·         Vedas

·         Upanishads and freedom of religious speculation

·         The Bhagavad-Gita

·         Vishnu’ savataras (incarnations)

·         The doctrine of four vyuhas (phases of conditioned spirit)

·         Images and their emblems of identification

·         Shaivism

·         Shaivism as a popular cult

·         Maheshvara and Mahadeva

·         Shaiva images

Theory

1.             Introduction

• Concept, definition and scope of Archaeology
• The new Archaeology
• History of Archaeological research in South Asia to the present time
• The role of Archaeology in national development

·         Archaeology as a scientific discipline

2.            Time

• The “Three Age System”
• Relative and absolute chronology
• Stratigraphy and law of superimposition
• Pleistocene geo chronology
• Pollen analysis
• Cross-dating with objects of known age
• Dendrochronology
• Thermoluminiscence dating
• Radiocarbon dating
• Potassium-Argon dating
• Fission-track method
• Archaeo magnetic dating

3.      Discovery

• How the ancient sites got buried?
• Avenues leading to the discovery of a site
• Chance discoveries
• Aerial reconnaissance: satellite imagery, aerial photography

 4.      Survey

• Geographical Information System (GIS)
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Map reading
• Interpretation of aerial photographs
• Photogrammetry
• Survey at ground level
• Chain survey
• Contour map
• Use of compass and theodolite

 5.      Excavation

• Organization of an archaeological excavation
• Excavation tools
• Lay-out of an excavation
• Excavation methods: grid-strip, quadrant, etc.
• Types of excavation: vertical, horizontal, rescue, etc.
• Sampling
• Trial trench
• Demarcation of layers
• Sample collection: soil, pollen, wood, charcoal, bones, etc.

 6.      Excavation Problems

• Open hunting camps
• Caves and rock-shelters
• Villages and towns
• Religious buildings: monastery, temple, mosque, etc.
• Stupa
• Burials
• Mud-brick structures
• Wooden structures
• Pit excavation

 7.      Recording

• Three dimensional measurements
• Graph plotting
• Record card
• Computer recording
• Field diary
• Archaeological photography
• Archaeological drawing

8.      Pottery-yard

• Layout of pottery-yard
• Washing/cleaning and registration
• Classification
• Typology
• Pottery tabulation
• Pottery distribution map
• Frequency chart

9.      Registration, Cataloguing

• Accession register
• Cataloguing of antiquities
• Antiquity distribution map

10.    Reconstruction of Environment, Subsistence and Economic Patterns

• Reconstructing ancient environments
• Subsistence patterns
• Animal bones
• Vegetal remains
• Agriculture
• Domestic and wild animals
• Birds, fish
• Rock art
• Ancient dietary patterns
• Interaction network system

11.    Ordering and Interpretation

• Seriation
• Typology
• Ethnographic analogy and comparative method
• Probability theory, statistical techniques
• Culture change: invention, migration and diffusion

12.    Computer Application in the Analysis of Archaeological Data

13.    Report Writing and Publication

Practical

·      Pre-excavation exploration

·      Archaeological surveying

• Use of survey equipment
• Site documentation: photographic, linear, visual
• Pre-excavation planning
• Excavation and documentation of archaeological features
• Three-dimensional       documentation            of         structures,        artefacts, sections
• Handling, classification and tabulation of pottery in pottery-yard

·         Application of basic conservation techniques to artefacts in the field

Theory

·         Definition and terminology of Archaeology

·         Aims and objectives of Archaeology

·         Brief history and development of Archaeology

·         Relation of Archaeology with History, Anthropology

·         Geography, Geology, Zoology

·         Botany, Physics and Chemistry

Practical

·         Visit to local sites and museums

·         Photographic documentation of archaeological site

·         Identification and drawing of artefacts

·         Location of sites/monuments on the maps

The purpose of this course is to introduce the students to a broad range of academic writing and equip them with skills necessary for their prospective academic scholarship. The course starts with the elementary skills and practices of academic writing. Building on the skills of paragraph writing into essay writing, the students are to be exposed to the art of academic writing. The course also enhances the basic reading skills, techniques and strategies of the students essential for their academic skills and writing